-+Carbon+Compounds

toc = Carbon's Uniqueness = = = ==


 * Carbon was descovered in the preistoric times and is huge controbution to nature.
 * Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form.
 * With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, the carbon atom often being linked to another carbon atoms. There are just about ten million carbon compounds, many thousands of which are very important to organic life.
 * Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible.



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=Monomers vs. Polymers= What is a monomer? It is a small atom that bonds with another monomer to make a polymer. So a polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, the monomers that bonded with each other. Polymers have many uses such as plastic, rubber, PVC, and nylon, as well as many others.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dz-3niDamgw

**Carbohydrates: monosaccharides**

=Carbohydrates: disaccharides=

Disaccharides: double sugars (C12H22O11)

- Lactose : glucose + galactose - in milk - *lactose intolerance - cannot break down lactose into glucose and galactose. - occurs 4-6% in cow's milk and 5-8% in human milk

- Sucrose : glucose + fructose - table sugar - white, odorless, crystalline powder with a sweet taste - obtained from sugar cane or sugar beets

- Maltose : glucose + glucose - malt suger - molasses - can be broken down into two glucose molecules - sweet taste

@http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YfhbvHWX-U&feature=related

=Carbohydrates: polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) --- Glycogen and Starch=

A polysaccharide is a type of carbohydrate. It's formed by polymeric carbohydrate structure that repeat, joined together by glucose bonds. There are four types of polysaccharides. Two of these types are:

Glycogen- stored sugar in animals (like us) that is found in the muscles and liver. When to much glycogen is ingested it fills up the muscles and liver. When they can't hold any more of the incoming glycogen our bodies convert it into fat. Cellulose- the supportive structure of a plant (like a celery stalk).



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KTVL_t660s

=Carbohydrates: polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) --- Chitin and Cellulose=

Chitin- the protective structure that is found on crustaceans (like a crab or lobster). Starch- starch is the stored sugar in plants. An example of a starch is a potato. In our bodies starch is the most important carbohydrate we can absorb. .

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KTVL_t660s

=Lipids www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6IjrTqRvcE&feature=related=
 * One of the four main organic compounds found in the body
 * Consist of 3 fatty acids for every one glycerol
 * Made up of Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)
 * Known as hydrocarbons

(Some Examples of Bad Lipids - High Saturated Fat Content)
 * Not Considered Polymers
 * Not water-soluble
 * __Examples of Lipids:__ (Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Steroids
 * __Fats:__
 * Saturated Fats:
 * Made up of carbon to carbon single bonds
 * Bad types of fats
 * Contain more calories than unsaturated fats
 * Examples: Meat Products, Dairy Products, Eggs, Seafood, Palm and Canola Oils
 * Unsaturated Fats:
 * Types of Bonds:
 * Monounsaturated = Made up of one carbon to carbon double bond
 * Examples: Nuts, Avocados, Canola and Olive Oils
 * Polyunsaturated = Made up of more than one carbon to carbon double bond
 * Examples: Salmon, Oils (Fish, Corn, Soy, and Sunflower)
 * Lipids most important jobs: Energy Storage, Structural Support (plants), Shock absorber (knees + elbows), Provides insulation

=Nucleic Acids= NUCLEAC ACIDS- There are 2 types of nucleac acids, DNA and RNA. DNA is also know as Deoxyribonucleic acid. It carries genetic information in the cells. DNA can asexually reproduce. RNA is also known as Ribonucleic acid. RNA and DNA are very simmilar accept RNA only has one strand instead of 2 (you can see in the photos below.) RNA uses the information from DNA to make protiens. Then there are Nucleotides which make up DNA and RNA. A nucleotide consists of 3 different components. 1 is a deoxyribose sugar, a deoxyribose sugar is a 5 carbon monosacharide. The sugar for DNA is a deoxyribose but the sugar for RNA is called a ribose. 2 is a phosphate which is a PO43- molecule. 3 is the base which can be either adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.

here is a youtube video to learn more about nucleic acids: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cb1Fh5M4jI0

=Proteins= · Macromolecules · All made from just 20 different amino acids · Made of one or more unbranched chains of amino acids so they are polymers · Typical proteins contains 200-300 amino acids · They are covalently bonded · Every function in the living cell depends on proteins. · Examples of proteins: o hemoglobin in blood o Antibodies o Keratin in hair - enzymes are also proteins · Proteins in foods o Animal proteins: Meat Fish Eggs Dairy products o Plant proteins: Beans Tofu Lentils Soybeans o Plants proteins are healthier with no cholesterol and less fat

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