-+Properties+of+Water

toc =Polarity of water= The ** ﻿Polarity of water ** ﻿ is responsible for effectively dissolving ** polar molecules ** such as ** sugars ** and ** ionic compounds ** such as **salt**

-The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding

=Hydrogen bonding=

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Hydrogen bonding is the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonds aren't as strong as covalent or ionic bonds, but they give one of life's most important molecules many of its unique characteristics. Since water (H20) is a polar molecule, a molecule with unevenly distributed molecules, it is able to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which account for many of water's special properties. The special properties of water is that it can expand upon freezing, making ice less dense than liquid water. Hydrogen bonding also explains water's ability to dissolve so many other substances. =====

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< Hydrogen bonding happens because the partially positive hydrogen atom connects with a partially negative charged atom. The white S+ molecule in the picture is the partial positive charged hydrogen atom, while the red S- is the partially negative charged atom which is most likely either oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. =====

Watch this video to learn more about hydrogen bonding! []
=Cohesion and Adhesion= __**Cohesion**__: An attraction between molecules of the same substance. Example: Water because the water molecules attract each other.


 * __Adhesion__**: An attraction between molecules of different substances. Example: Water and glass molecules because there is a strong attraction.



=Mixtures (solutions and suspensions)=

====In chemistry, a mixture is when two or more different substances are mixed together but not combined chemically. The molecules of two or more different substances are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions, and colloids. ====

====**A solution** is a homogeneous mixture that is composed of two or more substances. In a mixture such as this, one item is dissolved into another substance, (also known as a Solute being dissolved by a Solvent). This, for example can include sugar being sheared into water, salt into water, etc. ==== ====**A Suspension** is a mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy, therefore not completely mixed (Although it may seem that it is to the naked eye), this for example could be illustrated by flour mixed with water, agar in water, etc. ==== ====**A Emulsion** is a form of a colloid in which multiple liquids are suspended within each other, (for example, oil in vinegar, etc), this usually consists of 2 or more liquids that would not usually mix, but in this case are broken up into small enough droplets that they suspend within each other and appear to be homogeneous. This is in contrast to 2 or more liquids that do mix being mixed together, which would be classified as a Solution. ====

(Showing a suspension and solution side by side, the suspension appears cloudy because of the particles)

=The pH scale= 1. A measurement system developed to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution. The pH scale ranges from 1 to 14. It measures the Acidic and Basic properties of an element. Anything above 7 on the pH scale contains a higher concentration of hydroxide ions, rather than hydrogen ions. This is considered a Basic solution. Anything lower than 7 on the pH scale is considered an Acidic solution because of it's higher concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. At a pH of 7 the number/ concentration of H+ and OH- are equal.[]

=Acids and Bases= Basic: Higher concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. Above 7 on pH scale.

Acidic: Has higher concentration hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. Below 7 on pH scale.

[[image:http://physicsequipments.in/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/blue_litmus_paper.315154446_std.jpg]] **Litmus paper.**
media type="youtube" key="zTLiJE-j1-I?fs=1" height="385" width="480"
 * Litmus paper tests whether the item being tested is acidic or not.**

=Buffers=